Multiple sclerosis (MS): smouldering associated worsening
Written and reviewed by Dr Ibrahim Imam, Consultant Neurologist. Last reviewed .
Multiple sclerosis (MS): smouldering associated worsening. Acute inflammation, Neurodegeneration. Fully referenced neurology checklist.
Pathology
- Acute inflammation
- Neurodegeneration
Clinical manifestations
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Radiological markers
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Other forms of MS worsening
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Treatment
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Acronyms
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References
- Scalfari A, Traboulsee A, Oh J, et al. Smouldering-associated worsening in multiple sclerosis: an international consensus statement on definition, biology, clinical implications, and future directions. Ann Neurol 2024; 96:826-845.
- Niedziela N, Kalinowska A, Kułakowska A, et al. Clinical and therapeutic challenges of smouldering multiple sclerosis. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2024; 58:245-255.
- Giovannoni G, Hawkes CH, Lechner-Scott J, Levy M, Yeh EA. Smouldering-associated worsening or SAW: the next therapeutic challenge in managing multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2024; 92:106194.
Related checklists
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): classification
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): revised McDonald diagnostic criteria
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): non-modifiable risk factors
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): modifiable risk factors
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): protective factors
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): typical neurological features
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): other neurological features
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): systemic features
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): paroxysmal attacks
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): seizures
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): differential diagnosis
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): clinical red flags against diagnosis
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): laboratory red flags against diagnosis
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): poor prognostic factors
