Multiple sclerosis (MS): modifiable risk factors
Written and reviewed by Dr Ibrahim Imam, Consultant Neurologist. Last reviewed .
Multiple sclerosis (MS): modifiable risk factors. Low vitamin D: individual, maternal, and neonatal. Fully referenced neurology checklist.
Dietary
- Low vitamin D: individual, maternal, and neonatal
- Low polyunsaturated fatty acids
- Low fish consumption
Cigarette smoking
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Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
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Lifestyle
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Infections
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Environmental
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Other risk factors
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Non-risk factors
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References
- Simpson S Jr, der Mei IV, Taylor B. The role of vitamin D in multiple sclerosis: biology & biochemistry, epidemiology and potential roles in treatment. Med Chem 2017; (Epub ahead of print).
- Hartl C, Obermeier V, Gerdes LA, Brügel M, von Kries R, Kümpfel T. Seasonal variations of 25-OH vitamin D serum levels are associated with clinical disease activity in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neurol Sci 2017; 375:160-164.
- Dickinson JL, Perera DI, van der Mei AF, et al. Past environmental sun exposure and risk of multiple sclerosis: a role for the Cdx-2 vitamin D receptor variant in this interaction. Mult Scler 2009; 15:563-570.
- Rhead B, Bäärnhielm M, Gianfrancesco M, et al. Mendelian randomization shows a causal effect of low vitamin D on multiple sclerosis risk. Neurol Genet 2016; 2:e97.
- Munger KL, Åivo J, Hongell K, Soilu-Hänninen M, Surcel HM, Ascherio A. Vitamin D status during pregnancy and risk of multiple sclerosis in offspring of women in the Finnish maternity cohort. JAMA Neurol 2016; 73:515-519.
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Related checklists
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): classification
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): revised McDonald diagnostic criteria
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): non-modifiable risk factors
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): protective factors
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): typical neurological features
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): other neurological features
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): systemic features
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): paroxysmal attacks
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): seizures
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): differential diagnosis
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): clinical red flags against diagnosis
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): laboratory red flags against diagnosis
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): poor prognostic factors
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): smouldering associated worsening
