Alzheimer’s disease (AD): risk factors

Written and reviewed by Dr Ibrahim Imam, Consultant Neurologist. Last reviewed .

Alzheimer’s disease (AD): risk factors. Age, Fewer years of education, Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 (APOE4) allele. Fully referenced neurology checklist.

Non-modifiable risk factors

  • Age
  • Fewer years of education
  • Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 (APOE4) allele
  • GGA3 gene deletion or variants

Lifestyle risk factors

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Medical risk factors

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Metabolic risk factors

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Drug-related risk factors

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Proposed microbial risk factors

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Iatrogenic Alzheimer’s disease

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Risk factors for accelerated cognitive decline

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Unlikely risk factors

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References

  1. Barnes DE, Yaffe K. The projected effect of risk factor reduction on Alzheimer's disease prevalence. Lancet Neurol 2011; 10:819-828.
  2. Xu W, Tan L, Wang HF, et al. Meta-analysis of modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. JNNP 2015; 86:1299-1306.
  3. Lindsay J, Laurin D, Verreault R, et al. Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a prospective analysis from the Canadian study of health and aging. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 156:445-453.
  4. Lomoio S, Willen R, Kim W, Ho KZ, et al. Gga3 deletion and a GGA3 rare variant associated with late onset Alzheimer's disease trigger BACE1 accumulation in axonal swellings. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eaba1871.
  5. Pase MP, Himali JJ, Beiser AS, et al. Sugar- and artificially sweetened beverages and the risks of incident stroke and dementia: a prospective cohort study. Stroke 2017; 48:1139-1146.
  6. And 38 more. Subscribe to see the full list

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