Alzheimer’s disease (AD): protective factors

Written and reviewed by Dr Ibrahim Imam, Consultant Neurologist. Last reviewed .

Alzheimer’s disease (AD): protective factors. KLOTHO VS (KL-VS): this mitigates APOE4-associated Aβ aggregation. Fully referenced neurology checklist.

Genetic

  • KLOTHO VS (KL-VS): this mitigates APOE4-associated Aβ aggregation

Lifestyle

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Drug-related protective factors

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Nutritional protective factors

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Other potential protective factors

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References

  1. Xu W, Tan L, Wang HF, et al. Meta-analysis of modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. JNNP 2015; 86:1299-1306. 
  2. Lindsay J, Laurin D, Verreault R, et al. Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a prospective analysis from the Canadian study of health and aging. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 156:445-453. 
  3. Erickson CM, Schultz SA, Oh JM, et al.KLOTHO heterozygosity attenuates APOE4-related amyloid burden in preclinical AD. Neurology 2019; 92:e1878-e1889.
  4. Sewell KR, Solis-Urra P, Huang H, et al. Cognitive and brain reserve as modifiers of early Alzheimer disease-related cognitive vulnerability. Neurology 2026; 106:e214833.
  5. Chen H, Wang J, Lai S, et al. Smoking cessation, weight change, and risk of dementia: a prospective cohort study. Neurology 2026; 106:e218123.
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