Seronegative autoimmune encephalitis
Written and reviewed by Dr Ibrahim Imam, Consultant Neurologist. Last reviewed .
Seronegative autoimmune encephalitis. Antibody-negative probable autoimmune encephalitis (ANPRA). Fully referenced neurology checklist.
Classification
- Antibody-negative probable autoimmune encephalitis (ANPRA)
- Seronegative autoimmune limbic encephalitis (SNALE)
- Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
Epidemiology
Locked: subscribe to see this section.
Diagnostic criteria
Locked: subscribe to see this section.
Clinical presentations
Locked: subscribe to see this section.
Reasons for negative antibodies: rare antibodies
Locked: subscribe to see this section.
Reasons for negative antibodies: others
Locked: subscribe to see this section.
Features supporting autoimmune process
Locked: subscribe to see this section.
Differential diagnosis
Locked: subscribe to see this section.
Approach to management
Locked: subscribe to see this section.
Poor prognostic features (RAPID score)
Locked: subscribe to see this section.
Outcome
Locked: subscribe to see this section.
References
- Najjar S, Pearlman D, Devinsky O, et al. Neuropsychiatric autoimmune encephalitis without VGKC-complex, NMDAR, and GAD autoantibodies: case report and literature review. Cogn Behav Neurol 2013; 26:36-49.
- Lee WJ, Lee HS, Kim DY, et al. Seronegative autoimmune encephalitis: clinical characteristics and factors associated with outcomes. Brain 2022; 145:3509-3521.
- Graus F, Escudero D, Oleaga L, et al. Syndrome and outcome of antibody-negative limbic encephalitis. Eur J Neurol 2018; 25:1011-1016.
- Waters PJ, Irani SR. Neurexin-3α: a new antibody target in autoimmune encephalitis. Neurology 2016; 86:2222-2223.
- Gresa-Arribas N, Planagumà J, Petit-Pedrol M, et al. Human neurexin-3α antibodies associate with encephalitis and alter synapse development. Neurology 2016; 86:2235-2242.
- And 5 more. Subscribe to see the full list
