Parkinson’s disease (PD): systemic risk factors
Written and reviewed by Dr Ibrahim Imam, Consultant Neurologist. Last reviewed .
Parkinson’s disease (PD): systemic risk factors. Pesticides e.g. organophosphates and carbamate, Constipation. Fully referenced neurology checklist.
Strong risk factors
- Pesticides e.g. organophosphates and carbamate
- Constipation
Possible risk occupations
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Infections
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Dietary and intestinal
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Dermatological
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Lifestyle
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Endocrine
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Environmental
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Other systemic risk factors
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Inconclusive risk factor: appendectomy
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Inconclusive risk factor: Statin use
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References
- Engel LS, Checkoway H, Keifer MC, et al. Parkinsonism and occupational exposure to pesticides. Occup Environ Med 2001; 58:582-589.
- Tanner CM, Ross GW, Jewell SA, et al. Occupation and risk of parkinsonism: a multicenter case-control study. Arch Neurol 2009; 66:1106-1113.
- Hubble JP, Cao T, Hassanein RES, Neuberger JS, Koller WC. Risk factors for Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1993; 43:1693-1697.
- Chuang CS, Su HL, Lin CL, Kao CH. Risk of Parkinson disease after organophosphate or carbamate poisoning. Acta Neurol Scand 2017; 136:129-137.
- Adams-Carr KL, Bestwick JP, Shribman S, Lees A, Schrag A, Noyce AJ. Constipation preceding Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JNNP 2016; 87:710-716.
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