Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS): predictors of conversion to MS
Written and reviewed by Dr Ibrahim Imam, Consultant Neurologist. Last reviewed .
Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS): predictors of conversion to MS. Non-white ethnicity, Female gender, Younger age. Fully referenced neurology checklist.
Clinical predictors
- Non-white ethnicity
- Female gender
- Younger age
- Smoking at the time of CIS
- Fatigue at the time of CIS
- Cognitive impairment
- Severity of disability at onset
- Non-treatment with disease modifying drugs (DMDs)
- Non-optic neuritis presentation
- Multifocal presentation
Radiological predictors
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Cerebrospinal (CSF) potential predictors
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Serum predictors
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Predictors of conversion of spinal cord CIS to MS
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Predictors of conversion of optic neuritis (ON) to MS
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CIS conversion rate to MS
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References
- Miller DH, Chard DT, Ciccarelli O. Clinically isolated syndromes. Lancet Neurol 2012; 11:157-169.
- Tintore M, Rovira À, Río J, et al. Defining high, medium and low impact prognostic factors for developing multiple sclerosis. Brain 2015; 138:1863-1874.
- Martinelli V, Dalla Costa G, Messina MJ, et al. Multiple biomarkers improve the prediction of multiple sclerosis in clinically isolated syndromes. Acta Neurol Scand 2017; 136:454-461.
- Spelman T, Meyniel C, Rojas JI, et al; MSBasis (an MSBase Substudy) Investigators. Quantifying risk of early relapse in patients with first demyelinating events: prediction in clinical practice. Mult Scler 2017; 23:1346-1357.
- Zafra-Sierra MP, Ferreira-Atuesta C, Rodríguez DS, et al. Predictors of multiple sclerosis after clinically isolated syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Neurol 2026; 33:e70711.
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