Cramps: causes
Written and reviewed by Dr Ibrahim Imam, Consultant Neurologist. Last reviewed .
Cramps: causes. Idiopathic, Nocturnal >65 years, Pregnancy. Fully referenced neurology checklist.
Physiological causes
- Idiopathic
- Nocturnal >65 years
- Pregnancy
Exercise-induced muscle cramps (EAMC): risk factors
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Neurological causes
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Medical causes of cramps
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Drug-induced cramps
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References
- Katzberg HD, Khan AH, So YT. Assessment: symptomatic treatment for muscle cramps (an evidence-based review): report of the therapeutics and technology assessment subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2010; 74:691-696.
- Miller TM, Layzer RB. Muscle cramps. Muscle Nerve 2005; 32:431-442.
- Ropper AH, Brown RH. Principles of Neurology. Eighth edition. McGraw Hill New York 2005 p1199.
- Butler JV, Mulkerrin EC, O'Keeffe ST. Nocturnal leg cramps in older people. Postgrad Med J 2002; 78:596-598.
- Nelson NL, Churilla JR. A narrative review of exercise-associated muscle cramps: Factors that contribute to neuromuscular fatigue and management implications. Muscle Nerve 2016; 54:177-185.
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