Anti-seizure medications (ASM): teratogenicity types

Written and reviewed by Dr Ibrahim Imam, Consultant Neurologist. Last reviewed .

Anti-seizure medications (ASM): teratogenicity types. Atrial septal defect (ASD), Fallot's tetralogy (TOF). Fully referenced neurology checklist.

Major cardiac congenital malformations (MCMs)

  • Atrial septal defect (ASD)
  • Fallot's tetralogy (TOF)
  • Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
  • Coarctation of the aorta
  • Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
  • Pulmonary stenosis

Other major congenital malformations

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Minor facial dysmorphic congenital malformations

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Other minor congenital malformations

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Foetal outcomes

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References

  1. Laganà AS, Triolo O, D'Amico V, et al. Management of women with epilepsy: from preconception to post-partum. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2016; 293:493-503. 
  2. Tomson T, Xue H, Battino D. Major congenital malformations in children of women with epilepsy. Seizure 2015; 28:46-50.
  3. Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, et al. Management issues for women with epilepsy-focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): III. Vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breast-feeding. Epilepsia 2009; 50:1247-1255.
  4. Borgelt LM, Hart FM, Bainbridge JL. Epilepsy during pregnancy: focus on management strategies. Int J Womens Health 2016; 8:505-517.
  5. Perucca P, Malpas CB, Berry-Noronha A, et al. Antiseizure medication use in pregnancy and the risk of poor fetal growth in the EURAP international registry: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Neurol 2026; 25:840-851.

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