Parkinson's disease (PD): treatments of freezing of gait (FOG)

Written and reviewed by Dr Ibrahim Imam, Consultant Neurologist. Last reviewed .

Parkinson's disease (PD): treatments of freezing of gait (FOG). Cueing training: auditory, visual, and somatosensory. Fully referenced neurology checklist.

Treatment of FOG

  • Cueing training: auditory, visual, and somatosensory
  • Cycling
  • Laser cueing aids equipment: shoes and rolling walkers
  • Istradefylline: this is an investigational drug
  • Subthalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS)

Acute alternatives to oral treatments

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References

  1. Nieuwboer A, Kwakkel G, Rochester L, et al. Cueing training in the home improves gait-related mobility in Parkinson's disease: the RESCUE trial. JNNP 2007; 78:134-140. 
  2. Snijders AH, Bloem BR. Images in clinical medicine. Cycling for freezing of gait. N Engl J Med 2010; 362:e46.
  3. Barthel C, Nonnekes J, van Helvert M, et al. The laser shoes: a new ambulatory device to alleviate freezing of gait in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2018; 90:e164-e171. 
  4. Bunting-Perry L, Spindler M, Robinson KM, Noorigian J, Cianci HJ, Duda JE. Laser light visual cueing for freezing of gait in Parkinson disease: a pilot study with male participants. J Rehabil Res Dev 2013; 50:223-230.
  5. Iijima M, Orimo S, Terashi H, et al. Efficacy of istradefylline for gait disorders with freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease: A single-arm, open-label, prospective, multicenter study. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2019; 20:1405-1411.
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