Parkinson's disease (PD): freezing of gait
Written and reviewed by Dr Ibrahim Imam, Consultant Neurologist. Last reviewed .
Parkinson's disease (PD): freezing of gait. Start hesitation, Turn hesitation, Hesitation in tight corners. Fully referenced neurology checklist.
Types
- Start hesitation
- Turn hesitation
- Hesitation in tight corners
- Destination hesitation
- Open space hesitation
- Increased head-pelvis coupling during turning
Clinical patterns
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Clinical features
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Upper limb freezing
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Clinical assessment
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Strategies to treat freezing
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Drug-treatments
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Treatment of co-morbidities
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Other treatments
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References
- Nonnekes J, Snijders AH, Nutt JG, Deuschl G, Giladi N, Bloem BR. Freezing of gait: a practical approach to management. Lancet Neurol 2015; 14:768-778.
- Jankovic J. Parkinson’s disease: clinical features and diagnosis. JNNP 2008; 79:368-376.
- Spildooren J, Vercruysse S, Heremans E, et al. Head-pelvis coupling is increased during turning in patients with Parkinson's disease and freezing of gait. Mov Disord 2013; 28:619-625.
- Okuma Y. Practical approach to freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease. Pract Neurol 2014; 14:222-230.
- Makrygianni M, Stamelou M. Upper limb freezing without gait freezing in Parkinson's disease: a striking case of a rare phenomenon. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2026 (Online ahead of print).
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