Multiple system atrophy (MSA): clinical features
Written and reviewed by Dr Ibrahim Imam, Consultant Neurologist. Last reviewed .
Multiple system atrophy (MSA): clinical features. MSA-C: Cerebellar predominant, MSA-P: Parkinsonism predominant. Fully referenced neurology checklist.
Motor subtypes
- MSA-C: Cerebellar predominant
- MSA-P: Parkinsonism predominant
Non-motor variants
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Premotor symptoms
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Motor features
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Dystonia
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Autonomic features
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Sleep-related features
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Pain: types
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Other features
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Prognosis
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Poor prognostic factors
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References
- Gilman S, Wenning GK, Low PA. Second consensus statement on the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy. Neurology 2008; 71:670-676.
- Stefanova N, Bucke P, Duerr S, Wenning GK. Multiple system atrophy: an update. Lancet Neurol 2009; 8:1172-1178.
- Kollensperger M, Geser F, Seppi K, et al. Red flags for multiple system atrophy. Movement Disorders 2008; 23:1093-1099.
- Gaig C, Iranzo A, Tolosa E, Vilaseca I, Rey MJ, Santamaria J. Pathological description of a non-motor variant of multiple system atrophy. JNNP 2008; 79:1399-1400.
- Riku Y, Watanabe H, Mimuro M, et al. Non-motor multiple system atrophy associated with sudden death: pathological observations of autonomic nuclei. J Neurol 2017; 264:2249-2257.
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