Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH): causes and risk factors
Written and reviewed by Dr Ibrahim Imam, Consultant Neurologist. Last reviewed .
Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH): causes and risk factors. Hypertension, Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Fully referenced neurology checklist.
Vascular causes
- Hypertension
- Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA)
- CAA-Related Inflammation
- Amyloid-β–Related Angiitis
- Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
- Cerebral aneurysm
- Cavernous malformation (cavernoma)
- Cerebral vein thrombosis (CVT)
- Dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF)
- Vasculitis
- Small vessel disease (SVD)
- Carotid-cavernous fistula
- Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome (RCVS)
- Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES)
- Moyamoya disease: due to secondary aneurysms
- Sneddon syndrome
Congenital heart diseases
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Oral anticoagulants: predictors
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Malignant causes
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Infections
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Inflammatory
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Genetic risk factors
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Metabolic risk factors
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Drugs and toxins
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Clotting factor deficiencies
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Other causes
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References
- Al-Shahi Salman R, Labovitz DL, Stapf C. Spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage. BMJ 2009; 349:b2586.
- Tartarin H, Morotti A, Van Etten ES, et al. Uncommon causes of nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2024; 55:1416-1427.
- Walsh KB, Woo D, Sekar P, et al. Untreated hypertension: a powerful risk factor for lobar and nonlobar intracerebral hemorrhage in whites, blacks, and hispanics. Circulation 2016; 134:1444-1452.
- d'Angelo VA, Monte V, Scialfa G, Fiumara E, Scotti G. Intracerebral venous hemorrhage in "high-risk" carotid-cavernous fistula. Surg Neurol 1988; 30:387-390.
- Bram R, Chaudhry N, Choi JL, Atwal G. Delayed intracerebral hemorrhage from a traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula associated with an enucleated orbit. J Cerebrovasc Endovasc Neurosurg 2021; 23:251-259.
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