Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) autoimmune encephalitis
Written and reviewed by Dr Ibrahim Imam, Consultant Neurologist. Last reviewed .
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) autoimmune encephalitis. Nivolumab: this is the most frequent cause, Ipilumab. Fully referenced neurology checklist.
Causes
- Nivolumab: this is the most frequent cause
- Ipilumab
- Pembrolizumab
- Nivolumab
- Durvalumab
Associated autoantibodies
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Phenotypes
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Clinical features
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Differential diagnosis
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Outcome
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis
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Electroencephalogram (EEG)
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain
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Treatment
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References
- Nersesjan V, McWilliam O, Krarup LH, Kondziella D. Autoimmune encephalitis related to cancer treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review. Neurology 2021; 97:e191-e202.
- Stuby J, Herren T, Schwegler Naumburger G, Papet C, Rudiger A. Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy-associated encephalitis: a case series and review of the literature. Swiss Med Wkly 2020;150:w20377.
- Williams TJ, Benavides DR, Patrice KA, et al. Association of autoimmune encephalitis with combined immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment for metastatic cancer. JAMA Neurol 2016; 73:928-933.
- Bossart S, Thurneysen S, Rushing E, et al. Case report: encephalitis, with brainstem involvement, following checkpoint inhibitor therapy in metastatic melanoma. Oncologist 2017; 22:749-753.
- Fujiwara S, Mimura N, Yoshimura H, ET AL. Elevated adenosine deaminase levels in the cerebrospinal fluid in immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced autoimmune encephalitis. Intern Med 2019; 58:2871-2874.
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