Benign essential blepharospasm (BEB)
Written and reviewed by Dr Ibrahim Imam, Consultant Neurologist. Last reviewed .
Benign essential blepharospasm (BEB). Older age, Females, Sun exposure, Coffee intake. Fully referenced neurology checklist.
Risk factors
- Older age
- Females
- Sun exposure
- Coffee intake
- Family history of dystonia or postural tremor
- Non-smoking
- History of dry eyes
- Head trauma
- Dental procedures
- Genetic mutations: CIZ1, GNAL, SYNE1, REEP4, TOR2A
Main clinical features
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Associated clinical features
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Provoking factors
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Possible associated disorders
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Differential diagnosis (secondary blepharospasm)
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Predictors of spread
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Treatment
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References
- Hallett M, Evinger C, Jankovic J, et al. Update on blepharospasm: report from the BEBRF International Workshop. Neurology 2008; 71:1275-1282.
- Schwingenschuh,P, Katschnig P, Edwards MJ, et al. The blink reflex recovery cycle differs between essential and presumed psychogenic blepharospasm. Neurology 2011; 76:610-614.
- Hallett M. Blepharospasm: recent advances. Neurology 2002; 59:1306-1312.
- Molloy A, Williams L, Kimmich O, et al. Sun exposure is an environmental factor for the development of blepharospasm. JNNP 2016; 87:420-424.
- Defazio G, Hallett M, Jinnah HA, Berardelli A. Development and validation of a clinical guideline for diagnosing blepharospasm. Neurology 2013; 81:236-240.
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